M.A Philosophy Course Outline (Syllabus) Punjab University

SYLLABI AND COURSES OF READING

The following Syllabi and Courses of Reading for M.A. Philosophy (External Students) were approved by the Board of Studies in Philosophy in its meeting held on 18 February 2002.

M.A. Part I Examination

APPENDIX

Outline of Tests for M.A. Philosophy (External)

Marks

Paper I History of Modern Western Philosophy 100

Paper II Muslim Philosophy 100

Paper III Moral Philosophy 100

Paper IV Problems of Philosophy 100

Paper V Logic 100

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APPENDIX B

Syllabi and Courses of Reading

Paper I: History of Modern Western Philosophy

Introduction, Characteristics of Modern Philosophy, Continental Rationalism

Descartes

b. Theory of Substance

c. Mind-body Relationship

d. Proofs for the Existence of God

: a. Method of Doubt

Spinoza

b. Geometrical Method

c. Substance, Attributes & Modes

d. Intellectual love of God

e. Human freedom and Salvation

: a. Theory of Knowledge

Leibniz

b. Monadology

c. Pre-established Harmony

d. Theory of Knowledge

e. Optimism

British Empiricism:

: a. Idealism

Locke

b. Origin of Ideas

c. Primary and Secondary Qualities

d. Modes, Substance and Relations

: a. Refutation of Innate Ideas

Berkeley

(b) Subjective Idealism

: a. Rejection of Abstract Ideas and of Material Substance

Hume

b. Relations

c. Rejection of Material and Mental Substances

d. Treatment of Causality

German Idealism:

: a. Impressions and Ideas

Kant

b. Kant’s Problem

c. Theory of Knowledge Sensibility, Understanding and Reason

d. Antinomies

: a. Copernican Revolution

Hegel

b. Absolute

Post-Hegelian Philosophy:

: a Dialectical Method

Nietzsche

b. Materialism

c. Death of Goad and Nihilism

d. Superman and Eternal Recurrence

e. Will to Power

a. Revolt against Traditional Philosophy

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Bergson

b. Creative Evolution

c. Intuition and Intellect

e. Elan Vital

: a. Critique of Mechanised and Teleological Theories of Evolution

William James

b. Voluntarism

c. Radical Empiricism

: a. Pragmatic Method and its Application

Books Recommended

1. Copleston, Frederick,

2. Jones, W. T.,

3. O’Connor, D.J.,

4. Russell, Bertrand,

5. Wedberg, Anders,

6. Wright, William K, A History of Modern Philosophy, New York: Macmillan, 1941.

7. Naeem Ahmad,

8. Naeem Ahmad,

A History of Philosophy. 9 vols. New York: Image Books, 1962.A History of Western Philosophy. 4 vols. New York: Harcourt Brace Jonvanovich, 1969-75A Critical History of Western Philosophy, London: Free Press, 1964.A History of Western Philosophy. London: George Allan and Unwin, 1961.A History of Philosophy. 3 Vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982-84.History of Modern Philosophy (Urdu). Lahore: Ilmi Kitab Khana.Bergson’ Philosophy (Urdu) Lahore: Idara Taleef-o-Tarjama, University of the Punjab.

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Paper II: MUSLIM PHILOSOPHY

Introduction: Transmission of Greek Philosophy to Muslim Culture

1. Mutazilism

i. Five Basic Principles of Mutazila

ii. Some leading Mutazilites

(a) Wasil Ibn Ata

(b) Abu al Hudhail Allaf

(c) Al- Nazzam

2. Asharism

i. Concept of God and the nature of Divine Attribute

ii. Free will

iii. Problem of Evil

iv. Problem of createdness or uncreatedness of the Quran

v. Asharite Atomism

3. Al-Kindi

i. Reconciliation of Philosophy and Religion

ii. Concept of God

iii. Theory of Intellect

4. Al- Farabi

i. Theory of Ten Intelligences

ii. theory of the Intellect

5. Ibn-Sina

i. Theory of Being

ii. Theory of Knowledge/Concept of god

iii. Mind-Body Relationship

6. Al Ghazali

1. Method

2. Refutation of Philsophers

i. Eternity of the Word

ii. God’s Knowledge of Particulars

iii. Reseruction of the Body

7. Ibn Rushd

a. Reconciliation between Philosophy and Religion

b. Metaphysics.

c. Way to knowledge

8. Ibn Arabi

Doctrine of Unity of Being

Book Recommended

1. Abdul Khaliq, Dr.

2. Abdul Khaliq, Dr. and Yusaf Shaidaee,

Problems of Muslim Theology, Lahore;هسفلف ملسم . Lahore: Aziz Publishers, 1993.

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3. Majid Fakhri.

4. M. M. Sharif (ed).

5. Montgomery, W. Watt,

A History of Islamic Philosophy. 2nd edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.A History of Muslim Philosophy, 2 Vols. (reprint) Karachi: Royal Book Co., 1983.Free will and Pre-Destination in Early Islam, London: Luzac & Co., 1948

Paper III: MORAL PHILOSOPHY

1.

a. The Problem of Definition

b. An Example of Moral Reasoning: Body Jane Doe

c. Reason and Impartiality

d. The Minimum Conception of Morality

WHAT IS MORALITY?

2. THE CHALLENGE OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM

a. How Different Cultures Have Different Moral Codes

b. Cultural Relativism

c. The Cultural Differences Argument

d. The Consequences of Taking Cultural Relativism Seriously

e. Why There Is Less Disagreement Than It Seems

f. How All Cultures Have Some Values in Common

g. What Can Be Learned from Cultural Relativism

3. SUBJECTIVISM IN ETHICS

a. The Basic Idea of Ethical Subjectivism

b. The Evolution of the Theory

c. The First Stage: Simple Subjectivism

d. The Second Stage: Emotivism

4. DOES MORALITY DEPEND ON RELIGION?

a. The Presumed Connection Between Morality and Religion

b. The Divine Command theory

c. The Theory of Natural Law

5. THE UTILITARIAN APPROACH

a. The Revolution in Ethics

b. First Example: Euthanasia

c. Second Example: Nonhuman Animals

6. ARE THERE ABSOLUTE MORAL RULES?

a. Kant and The Categorical Imperative

b. Absolute Rules and the Duty Not to Lie

c. Conflicts Between Rules

d. Another Look at Kant’s Basic Idea

7. THE ETHICS OF VIRTUE

a. The Ethics of Virtue and the Ethics of Right Action

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b. Should We Return to the Ethics of Virtue

c. The Virtues

d. Some Advantages of Virtue Ethics

e. The Incompleteness of Virtue Ethics

Books Recommended

1. James Rachels [1995]

2. Harry J. Gensler [1998]

3. Binkley, Luther J.

4. Seller, W. & J. Hospers

The Elements of Moral Philosophy, McGraw-Hill Inc.Ethics: A Contemporary Introduction. Routledge.Contemporary Ethical Theories. New York: Philosophical Library Inc. 1961.Readings in Ethical Theory. New York: Appleton: Century-Crofts, Inc. 1952..

Paper IV PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY

1. Introduction:

What Philosophy is and why it is worth studying

2. Knowledge :

i. Concepts ii. Truth. iii. Sources of Knowledge. iv. What is Knowledge.

3. Cause, Determine and Freedom:

i. What is cause. ii. The causal principle. Iii. Determinism and freedom

4. Some Metaphysical Problems:

i. Substance and Universals. ii. Matter and Life. iii. Mind and Body. iv. Personal Identity.

5. Our Knowledge of Physical World:

i. Realism ii. Idealism. iii. Phenomenalism. iv. Alternatives.

Books Recommended

1. Ayer, A. J.,

2. Cornman, James W. & Keith Lehrer,

3. Ewing, A. C.,

4. Hospers, John,

5. Russell Bertrand

Central Questions of Philosophy London: Penguin Books, 1973.Philosophical problems and Arguments: An Introduction. London: Macmillan, 1968.The Fundamental Questions of Philosophy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1967.An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1967.Problems of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1959

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Paper V LOGIC

1. Nature of Logic:

Deduction and Induction, Truth and Validity

2. Definition:

Purposes of Definition. Verbal Disputes and Definition, Types of Definition, Rules of Definition

3. Categorical Propositions:

Kinds of Propositions, Traditional Square of Opposition, Immediate Inferences, Existential Import

4. Categorical Syllogism:

Standard Form Categorical Syllogism, Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogism, Rules and Fallacies.

5. Symbolic Logic:

Value of Special Symbols, Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction, Conditional Statements, and Material Implication, Argument Forms and Arguments, Statement. Forms and Statements Paradoxes of Material Implication.

6. Method of Deduction:

Formal Proof of Validity, Rule of Replacement, Inconsistency.

7. Qualification Theory:

Singular Propositions, Quantification, Propositional Function subject Predicate Propositions, Proving Validity.

8. Causal Connections:

Mill’s Methods of Experimental Inquiry, Meaning of Cause, Mill’s Methods, Critique of Mill’s Methods. Defence of Mill’s Methods, Critism of Stebbing and Russell.

9. Science and Hypothesis:

Value of Science, Explanation: Scientific and Unscientific, Evaluation of Scientific Explanation of Scientific Explanation, Crucial Experiments and Adhoc Hypotheses, Classification of Hypotheses.

Books Recommended

1. Copi, Irving, M

2. Hurley, Patrick, J.

. Introduction to Logic, 8th ed. New York: MacMillan, 1990.A Concise Introduction to Logic, Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 1988.

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M.A. PART II

Marks

Paper I MODERN PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEMENTS 100

Paper II MULSIM THOUGHT IN SOUTH ASIA 100

Or

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION 100

Paper III MODERN METAPHYSICS 100

Or

PHILOSOPHY OF MIND 100

Or

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION 100

Paper IV PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 100

Or

PHILOSOPHY OF ART 100

Or

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY 100

Paper V THESIS OR ESSAY 100

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Paper I MODERN PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEMENTS

1. Logical Positivism:

Turning Point Philosophy, Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language, Criterion of Verifiability

2. Dialectical Materialism:

Matter, Dialectics, Historical Materialsim Theory of Knowledge.

3. Existentialism:

Husserl’s Phenomenological Method, Man in the World, Man and Fellow Man, Man and God, Death (with special reference to Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre).

4. Conceptual Analysis:

Word-meaning, Sentence-meaning, Vagueness, Private Ordinary Language

Book Recommended

1. Action, H. B.,

2. Ayer, A. J.,

3. Ayer, A. J. (ed.),

4. Barrett, W.,

5. Blackham, H. J.,

6. Caton, C. E.,

7. Grossmann, Reinhardt,

8. Kolakowski, L.,

9. Lichtheim, G.,

10. Nadeem, Javed I., Lahore: Victory Book Bank, 1989.

11. Passmore, J.,

12. Qadir, C. A.,

The Illusion of the Epoch. 2nd edition. Cohen & west, 1962.Language, Truth and Logic, 2nd ed. London: Victor Gollancz, 1962.Logical Positivism. New York: The Free Press, 1959.Irrational Man. New York: Double Day /co. 1968.Six Existentialist Thinkers. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961.Philosophy and Ordinary Language. Urbana University of Illinois Press, 1963.Phenomenology and Existentialism, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984.Main Currents of Marxism. 3 Volumes, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978.Marxism; An Historical and Critical Study. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961.A Hundred Years of Philosophy. Penguin Books, 1966.Logical Positivism. Lahore: Pakistan Philosophical Congress, 1965.

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Paper II (Option i) MUSLIM THOUGHT IN SOUTH ASIA

Introduction:

Islam in the Indian Environment: A Brief Survey of Mutual Interaction especially in the Fields of Mysticism and Metaphysical Thought.

1. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi:

i) Metaphysics. ii) Kalam.

2. Shah Wali Allah:

i) Metaphysics. (a) Concept of God. (b) Cosmology. (c) Unity of Being. (ii) Mysticism. (iii) Ethics. (iv) Social and Economic Ideas. (v) Philosophy of History.

3. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

i) Socio Political back-ground of his ‘Thought. (ii) Significance and Importance of his Revivalism. (iii) Nature as the Overriding principle of his Thought : God, Miracles, Prayer, Prophetic Consciousness.( iv) political , Educational, and Moral views.

4. Iqbal

Religious Experience: Nature, Characteristics and the Principle of its Verification, Difference between Mystic and Prophetic Forms of Consciousness. (ii) Concept of Ultimate Reality and Its Relationship with the Phenomenal World. (iii) Concept of Ego, its Origination, Development, and Destiny. (iv) Ijtikhad: The Principle of Movement in the Structure of Islam.

Books Recommended

1. Ahmad Sirhindi, Sheikh,

2. Aziz Ahmad,

3. Baljon, J. M. S.,

4. Dar, B. A.,

5. Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad,

6. Hafeez Malik, ed.,

7. Allama Muhammad Iqbal,

8. Sharif, M. M. ed.,

Selected Letters of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi: (Persian Text), Edited with English Introduction by Fazl ur Rahman, Lahore: Iqbal Academy, 1968.Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.Religion and Thought of Shah Wali Allah Dihlawi, Leiden: E J. Brill, 1986Religious Thought of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1971.The Mujaddid’s Concept of Tawhid. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1940.Iqbal: Poet-Philosopher of Pakistan, New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Annotated by M. Saeed Sheikh. Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1986.A History of Muslim Philosophy. 2 vols. Karachi: Royal Book Co. 1983.

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9. Smith, Wilfred Cantwell,

10. Tara Chand.

Modern Islam in India; a social analysis. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1963.Influence of Islam on Indian Culture. Allahabad: Indian Press. 1963.

Paper II (Opt. ii) PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

1. What is philosophy of religion?

2. Arguments for the Existence of God

3. Divine Attributes: Eternity and Changelessness, Omnipotence, Omniscience.

4. Modern Challenges to Religious Relief (Psychoanalysis, Logical Positivism, Marxism)

5. Faith and Reason

6. Nature and Function of Religious Language.

7. Religious Experience

8. Problem of Evil

9. Life after Death.

Books Recommended

1. Davies, Brian,

2. Flew & McIntyre,

3. Helm, Paul,

4. Mitchell, B. (ed.),

5. O’Hear, Anthony,

6. Pike, Nelson,

7. Cadir, C. A.,

8. Swinburne, Richard,

An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. Oxford University, Press, 1982.New Essays in Philosophical Theology. New York: MacMilllan, 1966.The Varieties of Belief. London: George Allan and Unwin, 1973.The Philosophy of Religion. Oxford University Press, 1976.Experience, Explanation and faith. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984God and Timelessness. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970.Logical Positivism. Lahore: Pakistan Philosophical Congress, 1965.The Coherence of Theism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977.

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Paper III (Opt. i) MODERN METAPHYSICS

1. What is Metaphysics

2. Existence

3. Universal and particulars

4. Linguistic Arguments for Abstracta

5. Changing Things

6. Worlds, Objects and Structure

7. Meaning, Truth and Metaphysics

8. Appearance and Reality

9. Substance

10. Essence and Accident

11. Space and Time

Books Recommended

1. Aune, Bruce,

2. Carr, Brian,

3. Michael J. Loux [1998],

4. John F. Post [1991],

Metaphysics: The Elements. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.Metaphysics: An Introduction. London: MacMillan, 1987.Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduciton. Routledge.Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduciton. Paragon House, NY.

13

Paper III (Opt. ii) PHILOSOPHY OF MIND

1. Introduction: The Soul and the Mind: The varieties of Mental Phenomenon, The Importance of Philosophy of Mind.

2. The Subject of Consciousness: Dualism: The Traditional Mind-Body Problem, Materialism: Some Difficulties in the Identity Theory, The Person Theory, A Reconsideration of Dualism

3. Consciousness: The Third-Person and the First Person Account, The Thesis of intentionality.

4. Action:Some Theories of Action (i) Mental Events as the Causes of Actio, (ii) The Theory of Agency, iii) A performative Theory iv) Goals as the Explanation of actions Reasons and Causes, Explanations in terms of Desire, Law like Factors, Teleological Explanations.

5. Dreaming: Philosophical Relevance of Dreams.

6. Knowledge of Other Minds

Books Recommended

1. Abelson,

2. Absar Ahmad,

3. Armstrong, D. M.,

4. Ayer, A. J.,

5. Chappell, V.C.,

6. Gustafson, Donald F.

7. Ryle, Gilbert,

8. Shaffer, Jerome, A.

9. Swinburn, Richard,

Persons: A Study in Philosophical Psychology. London: MacMillan, 1977.Concept of Self and Self-Identity in Contemporary Philosophy. Lahore: Iqbal Academy, 1986.A Materialist Theory of the Mind. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968.The Concept of Person and Other Essays. London: MacMillan, 1963.The Philosophy of Mind. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1962.Essays in Philosophical Psychology. London: MacMillan, 1967.The Concept of Mind. London: Penguin Books, 1963.Philosophy of Mind. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1968.The Evolution of the Soul. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1986.

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Paper III (Opt. iii) PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

1. Philosophy and Education: Definition, Nature, and Scope of Educational Philosophy.

2. Aims of Education.

3. Theories of Education

4. Common Confusions in Educational Theory.

5. Education and Indoctrination

6. Moral Education: The Morality of Teaching vs. The Teaching of Morality

7. Freedom and Authority in Education

8. Educational Theory of Iqbal

9. Islamization of Knowledge

Books Recommended

1 Archambault, Reginald,

2 Al-Faruqi, Ismail Raji,

3 Kneller, G. F.,

4 McClellan, James E.,

5 O’Connor, D. J.,

6 Russell, Bertrand,

7 Russell, Bertrand,

8 Saiyidain, K. G.,

9 Schofield, Harry,

10 Whitehead, A. N., Aims of Education. New York: Mentor Books, 1952.

Philosophical Analysis and Education. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1966.Islamization of Knowledge. Islamabad: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1982.Introduction to the Philosophy of Education, New York: John Willey & Sons. 1964.Philosophy of Education. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1976.An Introduction to the Philosphy of Education. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1957.On Education. London: Unwin Books, 1973.Education and Social Order. London: George Allan & Unwin, 1932.Iqbal’s Educational Philosophy. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1965Philosophy of Education. London: George Allan & Unwin, 1972.

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Paper IV (Opt. i) PHILSOPHY OF LAW

1. Introduction: Definition of philosophy of Law. The Nature of Primitive Law. Concept of Law in Greek Philosophy. The Problem of Justice and Legislation in Plato. Aristotle’s Doctrine of Equity.

2. Natural Law: Primitive Law, Natural Law and Technical Law. Philosophical Theories of Natural Law. Stoic Theory of Law and Roman Law.

3. Legal Theory and Social development.

4. Kant’s Legal Philosophy.

5. Antinomies of Legal Theory:

i. Stability and Change

ii. Voluntarism and Objective Knowledge

iii. Individual and the Universe

iv. Democracy and Autocracy

v. Nationalism and Internationalism.

6. Positivism: Austin’s Theory of Law. Sovereignty, Law as the Command of the Sovereign. Law in relation to Sanction.

7. Ethics and Law

8. Concept of Law in Islam.

Books Recommended

1. Atistotle,

2. Cairns, Huntington,

3. Cohen, Morris R.,

4. Cross, R. C. & A.D. Woozely,

5. Dias, R. W. M.,

6. Friedmann, W.,

7. Golding, Martin P.,

8. Hart, H.L.A.,

9. Lyons, David,

10. Mahmassani Subhi, Translation by Mohammmad Ahmad Rizvi Lahore: Majlis Taraqai Adab 1981.

11. Plato,

The Works of Aristotle, edited by W.D. Ross. Vol x. Politica, translated by Benjamin Jowett. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1921.Legal Theory from Plato to Hegel. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press. 1967.Reason and Law. New York: Collier Books. 1961.Plato’s Republic: A Philosophical Commentary. London: MacMillan, 1964.Jurisprudence. 4th ed. London: Butter Worths, 1976Legal Theory. New York: Columbia University Press. 1967.Philosophy of Law. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1975.Concept of Law. London: English Language Book Scoiety, 1961.Ethics and the Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge, University Pres, 1984.The Collected Dialogues including Letters. Eds. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Carins. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.

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Paper IV (Opt. ii) PHILOSOPHY OF ART

1. Basic Issues in Philosophy of Art:

a) Nature of Scope of Philosophy of Art

b) Artistic Intention.

c) Artistic Expression.

d) Representation.

e) Art and Aesthetic Experience

f) Art and language

g) Art and Truth

h) Art and Craft

i) Aesthetic and Artistic objects and their Content

j) Interpretation and Criticism of Art.

2. Art Movements:

Modernism, Romanticism, Expressionism, Dadaism and Postmodernism.

Books Recommended

1. Adorno, T. W.,

2. Aldrich, Virgil C.,

3. Collingwood, R. C.,

4. Eaton, Marcia Muelder,

5. Fischer, Ernest,

6. Langer, Susanne K.,

7. Langer, Susanne K.,

8. Langer, Susanne K.,

9. Vazques, Adolfo Sanches.

Aesthetic Theory. Tr. by C. Lenhardt. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984.Philosophy of Art. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1963.Principles of Art. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1963.Basic Issues in Aesthetics. California: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 1988.The Necessity of Art. Clutton Brack & Others, 1924.Philosophy in a New Key. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.Problems of Art. New York: Scribner’s 1957.Feeling and Form. New York: Scribner’s 1953.Art and Society. Tr. by Maro Riofrancos, London: Monthly Review Press, 1973.

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Paper IV (Opt. iii) INDIAN PHILSOPHY

1. Vedas, Upanishad, Puranas and Gita.

2. Baddhism: Its Metaphysics and Ethics, Hinayana and Mahayana School

3. Six Systems of Indian Philosophy with special emphasis on Yog, Vedanta, and the Theism of Ramanuja.

4. Bhagti Movement.

5. Contemporary Indian Thought: Swami Vivakedande, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Gandhi, Radakrishnan, Sri Aurobindo Gosh, Modern Western Influence on Indian Philosophers.

Books Recommended

1. Chattopadhyya, Debiprasa,

2. Frauwallner, Erich,

3. Hiriyanna, M.,

4. Radhakrishnan, S.,

5. Radhakrishnan, S.,

6. Raju, P. T.,

7. Zimmer, Heinrich, Studies in the History of Indian Philosophy. 3 Volumes. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co. 1978.History of Indian Philosophy. Translated from German by V.M. Bedekar. 2 volumes. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1973.The Essentials of Indian Philosophy. London: George Allan & Unwin, 1960Indian Philosophy. 2 vols. New York: MacMillan, 1962Contemporary Indian Philosophy London: George Allan & Unwin, 1958The Philosophical Traditions of India. London: George Allan & Unwin, 1971.Philosophies of India. New York: Meridian Books. 1951.By ADEEL ABBAS, Bhakkar. AdeelAbbasbk@gmail.com