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Saturday, April 30, 2011

Re: ::: vuaskari.com ::: REQUIRE PAST ZERO SEMESTER PAPERS ...

clear thinking in your first lecture. What do you mean by clear
thinking. Please reply me with some sample sentences.

Thanks

Instructor's Reply:

Clear thinking is the most important aspect of good writing. All writing,
even business or academic writing, is a creative process. To write well a
writer needs clear thinking which refers to discover your own creative style
and nuances. Creative thinking is a matter of mind. Like a good ballet dancer,
the mind needs to be agile, flexible and supple to deliver the best performance.

Source: http://www.contentious.com/2003/10/27/clear-thinking-clear-writing/

Elementary English is being offered to enhance your writing skills by boosting up your
grammatical knowledge of language. VU lectures and handouts are sufficient for this course.
However, if you want to consult books for a broader vision then you can study Dr. Surriya
Shafi Mir's Skill Worker. For additional support, you can also consult' A Practical English
Grammar' by Thompson A.J, Martinet A.V, and 'Practical English Usage' by Swan, Michael.

What is truth table, please define it and how and where we can use it

Instructor's Reply:

Truth table
(noun) a table that gives the truth-values of a compound sentence formed from component
sentences by means of logical connectives, as AND, NOT, or OR, for every possible combination
of truth-values of the component sentences.

Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/truth%20table

You can start learning by reading handouts before watching a video lecture. For example, Lecture
no.1 first of all defines what 'writing skill' is and its qualities? Then it specifies essential
element for writing well. After words it explains the elements that make writing easier and more enjoyable.
Finally it differentiates between speaking skills and writing skills. If you give a thorough study to each
section of the lecture in handouts before watching a video lecture you will definitely understand what is
being taught.

Lastly avoid posting your comments in Roman Urdu. You are enrolled in an English course so you should try to
communicate in the target language so that you may start your journey towards the very goal of mastering the
language. Initially you may find it difficult but start trying so using short sentences. Good luck!

Skimmer:
A rapid superficial reader

http://dictionary.die.net/skimmer

Flesch Index:
This is a readability test designed to show how easy or difficult a text is to read. For detail
visit links provided http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_test
http://users.dickinson.edu/~braught/courses/cs132s03/labs/lab07.html

Fog Index:
A fog index is a readability scale for written work. There are various methods of measuring the
readability of a text; one popular method is the 'Gunning Fog Index'. It simply requires

calculation of the average number of words per sentence, added together with the percentage
of 'hard' words - those are words not generally understood by teenage school children or
those words of three syllables or more, multiplied by 0.4:

e.g.

[(Total words / number of sentences) + (hard words / total words × 100)] × 0.4

The lower the score, the easier the text is to understand.
Source: http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Fog+Index&offset=0

Instructor's Reply:

These are the factors which ensure success to a piece of writing in making it more catching
and convincing. The process of communication becomes real and concrete if a writer considers
all these qualities while composing a piece of writing.

Social Contact
The persons who are communicating have to be in touch with each other
Common Medium
Both writer and reader must share a common language or means of communication.
Transmission
The message has to be imparted clearly.
Understanding
The message has to be received, properly understood and interpreted

plz explain all the indexs in lecture with detail. and also explain what is syllables.

Thanks

Instructor's Reply:

These are readability tests usually used to achieve appropriate readability.

SMOG (Simple Measure of Gobbledygook) is a readability formula that estimates the years of
education needed to completely understand a piece of writing. It is used to achieve
appropriate readability. Readability is an attempt to match the reading level of written
material to the "reading with understanding" level of the reader.
Fog Index:
In linguistics, the Gunning fog index is a test designed to measure the readability of a
sample of English writing. A fog index is a readability scale for written work. Sometimes
magazine and newspaper editors use it.

Reading Level (Grade) = (Average No. of words in sentences + Percentage of words of three or more syllables) x 0.4

The resulting number is your Gunning Fog Index.

The Gunning Fog Index gives the number of years of education that your reader hypothetically
needs to understand the paragraph or text. The Gunning Fog Index formula implies that short
sentences written in plain English achieve a better score than long sentences written in complicated language.

want to know what is the actual meaning of coherence and Emphasis.In the hands out there is
no proper explanation.

Thanx

poonam khan

Instructor's Reply:

Emphasis:
To express thoughts effectively, a writer may need to emphasize different parts of a sentence.
By emphasis we mean that the most important parts of a sentence must be so placed that attention
is directed toward them rather than toward less important parts.

Coherence:
Coherence is the quality or state of cohering, especially a logical, orderly, and aesthetically
consistent relationship of parts. In a coherent paragraph, each sentence relates clearly to
the topic sentence or controlling idea, but there is more to coherence than this. If a paragraph
is coherent, each sentence flows smoothly into the next without obvious shifts or jumps. A
coherent paragraph also highlights the ties between old information and new information to make
the structure of ideas or arguments clear to the reader.

what is vivid?

thank you

Instructor's Reply:

Vivid:

Strong, distinct, or clearly perceptible: a vivid recollection.

dont understand about eliminate wordy expressions, in paragraph we use wordy or concise
expression.explain it.

Instructor's Reply:

Eliminating Wordiness

The situation of wordiness is one in which writers attempt to utilize several words or
extravagant words in the place of a few, well-chosen, concise, and less ambiguous words.
Thus,
Wordiness means "using more words than necessary to express thought" (Merriam-Webster's 1363)

Wordy sentences use too many useless words that clutter writing. Good writing is
simple and direct; it uses the simplest word possible that conveys the same meaning.
Wordiness takes away clarity from this.

Try removing words from each sentence. If you can remove a word while keeping the sentence's
meaning, the sentence is wordy.

Keep a word if

•it is necessary to the grammar of the sentence
•it is a key idea, fact, feeling, or description
Guidelines:
There are many types of wordiness, but we will give you five examples.

1. Eliminate redundancy.
For example,

Redundant
Better

each separate incident
each incident

many different ways
many ways

dash quickly
dash

2. Delete empty words and phrases

generally
tend to
really

apparently
in my opinion
very

basically
I think that
various

essentially
I feel
in some ways

virtually
I believe
for all intents and purposes

3. Avoid expressions that can be more clearly said in another way

outlaw
rehabilitated

at this point in time
at this time/now

had an effect upon
influenced

due to the fact that
because

in order to
to

for the purpose of
for

it is important that
must

until such time as
until

at the same time as
while

4. Delete the following phrases and variations:
•there is . . . that•it is . . . that5. Avoid using the passive voice

6. Substitute verbs with prepositions with verbs not needing prepositions.

I wanted to know about the what is process of writing & in this topics what

is 1.Inventetion

2.Collection

3. Oranzitation

4. Drafting

5. Revesing

6.Proofreading

Thanks,

Instructor's Reply:

The process of writing includes Invention, Collection, Organization, Drafting, Revising, and Proofreading.

Invention:

Invention is an activity that causes the writer to think about the subject. The writer organizes
his thoughts before he begins to write. The quality of the writing will reflect the time and forethought
the writer put into the piece of writing.

Collection:
Writing begins with the process of compiling information, evidence, and sketchy ideas. We might call
this the "collection stage."

Organization:
Organization is to take that information and begin to form it into connections, arguments, and more
polished prose that will lead you into the drafting process.

Drafting:
A draft is a work in progress. It often involves going back and forth among planning the essay,
generating ideas, organizing the contents, and editing the results.

Revising:
Revision literally means to "see again," to look at something from a fresh, critical perspective.
It is an ongoing process of rethinking the paper: reconsidering your arguments, reviewing your
evidence, refining your purpose, reorganizing your presentation, reviving stale prose.

Proofreading:
Proofreading is primarily about searching your writing for errors, both grammatical and typographical,
before submitting your paper for an audience (a teacher, a publisher, etc.

I wanted to know about the what is process of writing & in this topics what

is 1.Inventetion

2.Collection

3. Oranzitation

4. Drafting

5. Revesing

6.Proofreading

Thanks,

Instructor's Reply:

The process of writing includes Invention, Collection, Organization, Drafting, Revising, and Proofreading.

Invention:

Invention is an activity that causes the writer to think about the subject. The writer organizes
his thoughts before he begins to write. The quality of the writing will reflect the time and
forethought the writer put into the piece of writing.

Collection:
Writing begins with the process of compiling information, evidence, and sketchy ideas. We might
call this the "collection stage."

Organization:
Organization is to take that information and begin to form it into connections, arguments,
and more polished prose that will lead you into the drafting process.

Drafting:
A draft is a work in progress. It often involves going back and forth among planning the essay,
generating ideas, organizing the contents, and editing the results.

Revising:
Revision literally means to "see again," to look at something from a fresh, critical perspective.
It is an ongoing process of rethinking the paper: reconsidering your arguments, reviewing your
evidence, refining your purpose, reorganizing your presentation, reviving stale prose.

Proofreading:
Proofreading is primarily about searching your writing for errors, both grammatical and typographical,
before submitting your paper for an audience (a teacher, a publisher, etc.

Instructor's Reply:

Drafting:
A draft is a work in progress. Composing often involves going back and forth among planning the essay,
generating ideas, organizing the contents, and editing the results. Drafting allow you to get the
most out of these composing stages.

Proofreading:
Proofreading is primarily about searching your writing for errors, both grammatical and typographical,
before submitting your paper for an audience (a teacher, a publisher, etc.).

Pre-writing:
The thinking and planning the writer does before drafting, which includes considering the topic, audience,
and purpose; gathering information; choosing a form; determining the role of the writer; and making a plan

www.lupinworks.com/roche/pages/glossary.php

how to count syllable in a paragraph?
Instructor's Reply:

Syllables Rules:
A syllable is the sound of a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) that's created when pronouncing a word.

The number of times that you hear the sound of a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) in a word is equal to the number
of syllables the word has.

How to find syllables:
•Count the number of vowels (a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y) in the word.
•Subtract any silent vowels (like the silent 'e' at the end of a word).
•Subtract 1 vowel from every diphthong.
A diphthong is when two volwels make only 1 sound (oi, oy, ou, ow, au, aw, oo, ...).
The number you are left with should be the number of vowels in the word.

How to divide a word into syllables:
•Divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes, and root words that have vowels.
sports/car, house/boat, un/happy, pre/paid, re/write, farm/er, hope/less
•Divide between two middle constants
hap/pens, bas/ket, let/ter, sup/per, din/ner
Never split up consonant digraphs as they really represent only one sound
("th", "sh", "ph", "th", "ch", and "wh").
•Usually divide before a single constant.
o/pen, i/tem, e/vil, re/port.
The only exceptions are those times when the first syllable has an obvious short sound, as in "cab/in".
•Divide before an "-le" syllable.
a/ble, fum/ble, rub/ble, mum/ble
The only exception are "ckle" words like "tick/le".
http://www.howmanysyllables.com/howtocountsyllables.html

Instructor's Reply:

A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all
related to a single topic. Almost every piece of writing is organized into paragraphs.
Therefore, learning writing skills will definitely help a writer to choose such techniques
and tools for composing a piece of writing effectively that unfold the topic precisely.
It will also equip harmony between the basic components of a piece of writing.

Instructor's Reply:

A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. It is the process by which
new words are formed.

For example the word "atheist" has been formed by adding 'a' in the beginning of stem theist
where 'a' means not. The addition of this prefix (a) has changed the meaning of stem word.

A compound word is a combination of two or more words that serves the purpose of a single
part of speech. There are three possible ways of rendering compound words: they can be
written separately (prime minister, high school, vacation home); they can be hyphenated
(all-day event, used-car dealer, three-week vacation, tongue-lashing, know-it-all attitude);
or they can be written as one word (highway, spaceship, boyfriend, racehorse, onsite, offsite
, the Australian outback

Instructor's Reply:

Denotation and Connotation

* Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨

For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one
of its denotative meanings is

"any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles having a long, tapering,
cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions."

* Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to
a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotations
for the word snake could include evil or danger.

http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/English_Literature/terms/denotation.htm

Figurative Language:
Figurative language refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or alter
the usual meanings of the component words. The most common figures of speech are
simile, metaphor, and alliteration.

Definition
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language.

http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm

COMPOUNDING:

The basic details of compounds are those word which are related to other as in
this lecture other example are listed below

Time+keeper+piece+table = Time Keeper, Time Piece, Time Table.

Note

I think its compare to COMPOUNDS ARE RELATED TO SUFFIXES.

Sir pleas describe Suffix in details.

SUFFIXES are made be part of speech.

COMPOUNDING are made by simple word which relate to other words of meanings.

Instructor's Reply:

Suffix:
A group of letters with a special meaning appearing at the end of a word is called a suffix.
These are added to the end of a word.

For example: -ly is added to the end of many adjectives and adverb can be formed: cheerful- cheerfully

A suffix is added to the end of a word to make another word. A suffix can be either a short
word, or a group of letters that is not a word.

An example of the first type is -rich, which is added to nouns to make adjectives for
describing something that 'contains a lot' of something. So oil-rich rocks are full of
oil, and vitamin-rich foods contain a lot of vitamins. An example of the second type
is -ish, which means 'slightly' or 'rather'. So greenish water looks slightly green

Using prefixes and suffixes is not the only way to form new words. Many English words are compounds.

Compounds are formed by combining two or three words. Sometimes these combinations remain
as two or three separate words and sometimes they combine to form one new word. For example,
the word troublemaker is formed by combining the two nouns trouble and maker. This has
created a new word meaning 'someone who makes (=causes) trouble'.

am going to ask you about verb suffixes and literal and figurative language.

tell me in detail..

what is the difference between literal and fiqurative?

what is the difference between suffixes and verb suffixes?

Instructor's Reply:

Literal language and Figurative Language:

Literal language refers to words that do not deviate from their defined meaning.

Figurative language refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or alter the
usual meanings of the component words e.g. similes, metaphor etc.

Verb Suffixes:

Verb suffixes are derivational in nature they change parts of speech as follow to a verb.
Literal meanings for verbs should always begin 'to', the infinitive marker. (The infinitive
form of a verb is one that doesn't show any tense.)

Below are some more examples of derivation suffixes which change parts of speech.

Suffix Type
Grammatical Change
Example

Verb-Forming Suffixes
NOUN --> VERB
victim + ize

ADJ --> VERB
vocal + ize

In some cases, verbs convey the meaning 'to cause to' or 'to make', but in other cases the
idea of causation has been lost, although the same suffix is used in each case.

One special verb suffix is -esc / -sc conveys a notion of change or mutation and often means
'to become'. Here are some examples:

Verb-Forming Suffixes

Suffix form
Suffix Meanings
Example
Literal meaning

-ate
'to VERB'

'to cause to'

'to make'
liberate
'to free'

-ize
vocalize
'to make vocal'

-sc / -esc
'to become'

'to change'
convalesce
'to become much stronger'

http://www.uoregon.edu/~l150web/weblec1.4.html

PORTMANTEAU
Incomplete = In + Complete
Invisible = In + Visible
Reconstruction = Re + Construction

Are we say the Above Words are PREFIXES

Instructor's Reply:

As you have read words are usually formed by affixation, compounding etc. The words you mentioned
are formed as a result of affixation. The addition of prefix 'in'&'re' to the words complete,
visible and construction is a good example of word formation.

I have studied the lecture but you didn't teach much about the compounding words like "news"
"paper" "clip" and "stand" compounding them makes a word newspaper, newsstand, news clip.
All I am asking is that what about the space between "news and clip" and why space is
there could you please sir help me out. I hope you get the point. thank you
Instructor's Reply:

Lecture no. 8 enlists ways of word formation and gives a detailed description of few of
them only e.g. prefixes and suffixes

Compounding

Definition: Two or more words joined together to form a new word.

Examples:

n Home + work à homework

n Pick + pocket à pickpocket

The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.

n Types of compounds:

n Compound nouns

n Compound verbs

n Compound adjectives

Page 2 of 2

what are the main difference between a good reader and a good writer?

main qualities of a a good writers?

give me a simple exame of a good writer.

respected

thanks if you reply and if you not reply

Instructor's Reply:

Following are the traits a good reader usually has,

Before Reading
•Set a Purpose for Reading
•Preview the Text
•Activate Background Knowledge
•Predict
During Reading
•Cross-check
•Reread
•Predict and Confirm
•Skip, Read On, and Go Back
•Connect Background Knowledge to the Information in the Text
•Think About Explicit and Implicit Information
•Stop and Review
After Reading
•Retell and Summarize
•Use a Graphic Organizer
•Draw Conclusions
•Reread
•Discuss and Respond
•Write to Support Understanding
Source: http://www.paec.org/david/reading/general.pdf

The parameters for a good writer depend on the audience who is going to read it. The
general yardsticks to determine whether one is a good writer are to check whether
his/her article has a good flow, eye-catching content and the language. The sentence
structure, grammar, ideas and the form used are some of the other factors that play
an important role in determining whether one is a good writer.

recomend me the web site from where i can improve my writting skills

Instructor's Reply:

Dear Student,
There are a number of websites whih offer help in improving your writing skills
. I hope that the following links can prove useful for you.
http://www.mindtools.com/CommSkll/WritingSkills.htm
http://www.betterwritingskills.com/
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/681/01/

can you gave a website through which i can download wide verity of suffuexes,
prefexes, verb and adverb, for preparation of my midterm exam??

Instructor's Reply:

Dear student,

You can get a large amount of material just by googling prefixes and suffixes.
Here are a couple of links which may help you in practicing prefixes and suffixes.

http://www.schoolexpress.com/fws/cat.php?id=2295
There is a book on prefixes and suffixes available at the following link:
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=2dnaXT10ofEC&dq=prefixes+and+suffixes&printsec
=frontcover&source=bl&ots=5jJYjbaPlu&sig=rO7DnAStBpU99ICt7PL7xehytrs&hl=en&ei=MFwL
S9qrG9KPkQXh_9GKBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=&f=false

Instructor's Reply:

Dear Student
There are some good websites which offer online tests and quizzes which may work
well for your practice. Here are a couple of them
http://www.englishpage.com/index.html
http://www.better-english.com/
You can try to search more on the internet. I wish you best of luck for your
impending mid-term examinations.

Page 1 of 2

On Thu, Apr 28, 2011 at 4:07 PM, Babar Bunce <babar.bunce719@gmail.com> wrote:

--
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